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Which one of the following factors is critical for beer quality during storage?

  1. Presence of oxygen

  2. Temperature fluctuations

  3. Exposure to both light and temperature

  4. All of the above

The correct answer is: Exposure to both light and temperature

The correct answer is that all of the listed factors are critical for beer quality during storage. Oxygen plays a significant role in the oxidation of beer, which can lead to off-flavors and a degradation of the beer's intended characteristics. Temperature fluctuations can also negatively impact beer quality, as consistent temperatures are essential for maintaining stability and ensuring that the flavors and aromas develop as intended. Furthermore, exposure to light, particularly UV light, can result in light-struck flavors, which can significantly diminish the quality and enjoyment of the beer. Therefore, all three factors—oxygen presence, temperature fluctuations, and exposure to light—are crucial in preserving the quality of beer during storage.